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I am sorry that Tom should be so weak.
(對於)湯姆竟然這麼衰弱, 我很難過.

大家想得太複雜了, 也都步入了詞性的陷阱, 我很抱歉的指出大家都說錯了.

這個that子句完全不是副詞子句, 而是名詞子句.
 
that子句作為名詞時, 其前面的介系詞常被省略或必須省略, 而這個that子句就是這個隱形介系詞的受詞, 所以是名詞子句毋庸置疑.
例句:
I am sorry (about) that Tom should be so weak.
I am glad (at) that you've made it.
She is thankful (of) that her problem has been solved through your help.
括號中的介系詞都要省略, 這是英文的語言習慣.

(註: 由疑問詞5W1H所帶領的名詞子句, 其前面的介系詞不省略) 


當然, that子句也有作為副詞子句的場合, 這樣它前面必無隱藏的介系詞. 
例句:
He climbed up the tree that he can see farther. (表目的) 
He is so great that everybody respects him very much. (表結果) 
We have walked such a long way that we are all exhausted. (表結果) 
He faces the challenges bravely so that he will succeed. (表目的) 

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